Eczema, a common and chronic skin condition, is often characterized by persistent itching, redness, and inflammation. While many people associate eczema with atopic dermatitis, it can also refer to various types of dermatitis, including contact dermatitis, hand eczema, neurodermatitis, and dyshidrotic dermatitis, according to the American Academy of Dermatology Association.
Despite taking precautions to minimize exposure to triggers and maintain moisturized skin, flare-ups are sometimes inevitable. Managing eczema effectively begins with a solid skincare routine, but additional steps may be needed to soothe dry, itchy skin during flare-ups. Here’s what experts recommend.
Identifying Eczema Symptoms
Eczema typically presents as dry, itchy red patches on the skin, often affecting different parts of the body. While babies may experience eczema on their cheeks, the condition can later appear on areas such as the elbows, behind the knees, hands, and eyelids, according to Dr. Danielle Baruch, a board-certified dermatologist at Mercy Medical Center.
In moderate to severe cases, eczema can cover a significant portion of the skin, with up to 25% to 30% affected, making daily activities—such as work, school, and sleep—more difficult, says Dr. Katherine Gordon, associate professor of dermatology at UT Southwestern Medical Center.
During severe flare-ups, the skin may become inflamed, with the rash scaling, flaking, oozing, or leaking clear fluids, explains Dr. Angad Chadha, dermatologist and assistant professor at UChicago Medicine.
What Triggers Eczema?
The exact cause of eczema remains unclear, though a family history of atopy—conditions like asthma, allergies, and eczema—can increase the likelihood of developing it, according to Dr. Baruch. Eczema often begins in early childhood, affecting approximately 25% of children, but it can also develop in adulthood, sometimes in the 30s, 40s, or 50s. Experts suspect that changes in the immune system may contribute to adult-onset eczema, says Dr. Chadha.
Environmental factors play a significant role in triggering flare-ups, although these triggers vary from person to person. Common culprits include temperature changes, dry skin, and exposure to irritating chemicals or preservatives found in skincare products, explains Dr. Gordon.
Treating Eczema
While there’s no cure for eczema, some children may outgrow it as they age. For those with ongoing flare-ups, treatment typically involves a combination of prescription medications and a robust skincare regimen, says Dr. Chadha.
A crucial first step in managing eczema is selecting a gentle, hypoallergenic moisturizer to help seal the skin’s barrier. Dr. Gordon recommends fragrance-free, bland emollients or thicker moisturizers for individuals with sensitive skin. Consistent moisturizing—at least one to two times a day—is essential for relieving dryness and itchiness, advises Dr. Chadha.
When symptoms persist, dermatologists may prescribe topical treatments like steroid creams or calcineurin inhibitors to reduce inflammation. In cases where topical treatments are insufficient, oral medications or injectable biologics may be recommended to help regulate the immune system’s response, adds Dr. Gordon.
Preventing Future Flare-Ups
Although it’s impossible to entirely prevent eczema flare-ups, minimizing exposure to common triggers is key. Dr. Gordon emphasizes the importance of avoiding known irritants whenever possible.
To help maintain moisture in the skin, especially during the fall, winter, and spring months, consider using a humidifier, suggests Dr. Chadha. Additionally, opt for short, lukewarm showers instead of long, hot ones to preserve the skin’s natural oils, he advises.
By following these expert recommendations, individuals with eczema can better manage flare-ups and keep their skin feeling soothed and protected.
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